语法
本文整理自B站【英语兔】的教学视频,感兴趣的朋友可以自行前往观看。
一、介词的原理
- 介词通常是放置在名词,代词等之前的,用来给他们增添附加信息的词;附加信息通常包含时间信息,空间信息,方式信息,逻辑信息(原因,目的,对象等)等
- 完整的附加信息必须要有介词后面的词参与表达,不然无法表达完整的意思
二、介词的构成
2.1、简单介词
- in
- to
- with
2.2、短语介词
- 短语介词构成形式多样,短语介词被视为介词,不能单独表达完整的意思;后面的介词短语是能都表达完整的意思的,往往相当于副词。
- by way of 通过……方式
- at the end of 在……的最后
- along with 和……一起
- because of 因为……
- previous to ……之前
2.3、合成介词
- into 到……之内
- onto 到……之上
- within 在……之内
- notwithstanding 尽管
2.4、(动词)分词介词
- including 包括……
- regarding 关于……,至于……
- considering 鉴于……,考虑到……
- given 考虑到……,如果……
三、介词学习误区
学习介词最忌讳的就是强行找中文含义,有时候介词并没有实际的含义
四、介词学习技巧
4.1、学习难点
- 大多介词意义太多:同一介词出现在不同的分类里,差异很大,甚至表达毫不相干的含义
- 很多介词相互之间容易混淆:
4.2、介词多义的介词
需要从介词的本义和引申义入手,大多介词的根源意义都是表示明确的空间含义;之后衍生出了非空间含义
1、about
- about <—— onbutan == (古英语)on by utan(utan相当于outside的意思);所以about的原意是on the outside of,在……的外面
- 衍生含义
- I know somthing about the rabbit.
- there are about 20 carrots.
- Let’s do somthing about the problem.
- There’s somthing dangerous about the wolf.
- Stop running about!
a、关于(……外围信息,有涉及,非核心)
b、大约(从外向内大致数数)
c、针对(从外向内的解决)
d、某人某事有某些特征
e、到处(在……外面来来回回)
2、on:在……上
- dinner is on me.(付钱的重任放在我身上)晚餐我付钱。
- the burden of paying for dinner is on me.
3、beyond:在……之外
- it’s beyond me.(这在我的理解范围之外)我无法理解
- it is beyond the things that I can understand.
4、in:在……里
- in the sun在阳光下
- 可以理解为in the sunlight(包裹在阳光里)
- dressed in white穿着白衣服
- 可以理解为in white clothes(在白衣服里)
- in English用英语
- 可以理解为说的话写的字都在一堆英语话和文字中
4.3、容易混淆的介词
in、on、at都能放在时间或空间的词前,具体要使用哪一个需要看具体想表达的含义。
1、具体含义
a、in:表示在一堆东西中间,上下左右都能移动,在一个大范围内
- in the country
- in the city
b、on:表示在……之上,说明有一面确定了,只能在平面上移动
c、at:通常指在很明确的一点上
- at the corner
- at the shop
2、举例说明
①、street 街道
a、表达在两条街的交界处
- Right now I’m at Carrot Street and Apple Street.
b、表达在街道的表面上
- There is some trash on the street
c、表达在某条街道的范围内移动
- I’m walking in the street.
②、时间概念
a、大范围时间
- in a year
- in the month
- in the week
b、大致确定的时间
- on that day
- on Monday
- on April 1st
c、确定的时间点
- at 8 o’clock
- at the moment
d、但是不能生搬硬套,如是是表达一个范围则需要用in
- There are 60 minutes in an hour.分钟是在小时的范围里,这里不能用on
- There are 60 seconds in an minute. 秒是在分钟的范围里的
e、in the morning;on the morning
- in the morning通常是表示一个时间范围
- I eat carrots in the morning.
- on the morning通常是表达一个相对明确的点
- I saw the wolf on the morning of April 1st.
f、at noon
- noon相对morning和afternoon来说很短,就是一个时间点。
五、常见介词分类及用法
1、空间介词
in:在……里面,在内部
- in the house
- in the park
- in the country
on:在……上面,一般指在物体表面上,与物体有接触
- on the table
- on the floor
与tree连用时on和in的区别
- on the tree,长在树上的,树本身所有的
- There are some apples on the tree
- in the tree,(外部事物)在树里
- There are some birds in the tree
at:在某处,指具体的点
- at the corner of the street
- The bus stop at the bus station
over:在……上方
- 与物体有接触,表示覆盖全部遮住
- The mother put a blanket over the child.
- 与物体不接触,表示在……正上方
- The bridge over the river.
- The lamp over the table.
- 动态越过上空,表示越过这一过程
- The plane flew over the mountain.
- the rabbit climbed over the fence.
above:在……上方,高于某个平面之上
- 只要高出就行,over不与物体接触时通常含有“正上方”的含义,并且over可以描述动态,above不行
- the sky above us
under:在……下方(与over相对)
- 表示物体之间可以接触也可以留有一定空间,指正下方
- There is a ball under the desk
below:在……下方(与above相对)
- 表示低于某个平面,可以是正下方也可以不是
- the rabbit dived below the surface of the water
near:在……附近(有一定距离)
- near the hospital
by/beside:在……旁边(通常两者可以互换)
- There is a hotel by/beside the river.
- beside可以引申为“和……比较”
- my carrot looks bigger beside yours.
next to:靠近,紧挨(强调下一个“紧接着的相邻”)
- The building next to the school
across:(从表面)横过,穿过
- go across the street
- swim across the river
thriugh:(从内部)穿过
- go through the tunnel
- walk through the forest
- look through the window
past:经过,路过
- The rabbit walked past the wolf without saying any words.
in front of:在……前方
- the rabbit is standing in front of the wolf.
before:在……之前(一般表示在众人/观众前)
- she play the violin before the crowd
behind:在……之后(与in front of相对)
- the wolf is standing behind the rabbit
between:在……之间(一般指两者之间,通常与and连用)
- the carrot is between the rabbit and the wolf.
- 三者或三者以上进行两两比较也可以使用between
among:在……之间(一般指三者及更多者之间)
- the rabbit is standing among the carrots.
- 当代英语通常使用between取代among,尤其是口语中
round/around:围绕,环绕(做介词意思相近,可互换)
- trees round/around the field
- around the world
along:沿着,顺着
- walk along this road
to:向,朝
- go to school
toward/towards:朝着……的方向
- walk toward home
onto:到……上面
- the rabbit jumped onto the table
into:到……里面(内部)
- walk into the house
out of:从里向外,从里面出来
- get out of the car
opposite:在……对面
- our school is opposite my house
against:与……相反,倚,靠
- we were rowing againt the current
- the rabbit was leaning against the tree
up:沿……向上
- up the hill
- up the river
down:沿……向下
- walk down the road
- roll down the hill
off:离……有一定距离
- New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia
2、时间介词
in:在……里面
在范围相对较大的时间范围内
- in 2023
- in winter
- in December
on:在……之上
范围相对较小
- on Monday
- on Christmas Day
at:在某处(某个点)
很具体的一个点
- at noon
- at sunset
- at dawn
- at(the age of)6 在6岁时
during:持续,在……期间
- during the past 2 days
- during the past 2 weeks
for:时间介词:因为……,因……持续
在古英语中有“之前,由于”的意思,做非时间介词时一般与原因相关
- I’ve been learning English for 2 years
since:自从
- since last week
before:在……之前
很少用于空间的……之前
- before Monday
- before 2020
after:在……之后
与before相对
- after two years
from……to……:从……到……
- from 9:00 to 10:00
by:本意为在……的附近/旁边,引申为不超过……边界,做时间介词意为:不迟于……之前
- by 2 o’clock
- by tomorrow
by 与 before
by与before的含义相近,但by更强调不超过,不迟于截止时间
- please finish your homework by 8PM(强调截止时间8点)
- please finish your homework before 8PM
until:直到……为止
- until 8 o’clock
3、方式介词
in:……方式,在……里面
- Let’s talk in English.
through:通过……方式,穿过
- we succeed through hard work
by:通过……,在……旁边
- we learn English by watching videos.
- by本意是“在……旁边”,引申出“相关,离不开,依靠”,我们学英语是通过看视频的(也就是通过视频学英语)
- I go to work by car
with:用……,和……一起
with后一般加具体的有型工具
- we write with pens
- 我们和笔一起完成书写(我们用笔书写)
on:在……上面
on做方式介词后接电子通讯设备较多
- we talked on the phone
4、原因介词
for:因为……,由于……
- This rabbit is famous for being ableto speak
with:和……一起,……和……分不开的原因
- The rabbit is shaking with cold
because of:因为……
because of(介词短语) + 名词
because(连词) + 从句
- The rabbit didn’t go out because of the rain
due to / owing to / on account of 由于,因为
- The rabbit didn’t go out due to / owing to / on account of the rain
5、关于介词
about:在……外面,关于
- Could you tell me something about your school?
of:此外的,附加的
- He thought of something important.
- think of:想起了
- think about:想到关于……的事
on:在……上面,关于
Would you like some advice on learning English.
6、数值介词
at:在某处,可以表示数值比例等数值点
- at a high price
- at a fast rate
by:(后街度量标准)使用某种标准
- They get paid by the hour
for:以……的价格(因为付了……前,所以得到了……)
- I bought these books for 100 Yuan
7、状态介词
in:在……里,在……状态中
- in progress
- in a dilemma 处于进退两难的境地中
on:在……之上,受到之下……的支持(的状态)
- on a diet 在节食(在节食支持的状态)
- on drugs 吃药(在药物支持的状态)
at:在某处,在某个状态
- at work
- at dinner
under:在……下面,在(框架,前提)下
- under construction
- under discussion
8、排除介词
besides:除了……还
- I like many things besides carrots
except:除了……
表示从整体中剔除出去
- Everyone went to the party except the rabbit
except for:除了……
通常用来对之前的内容进行反驳
- The party is great except for the loud music
六、介词短语
介词是前置词,必须后跟某些信息,才能表达完整。也就是介词之后要有承受对象,介词后面的为介词宾语。介词宾语也可以由多种此类充当。
1、介词短语举例
- in the room
- on the roof
- under the table
2、介词短语组成之后可以充当句子的各种成分
- 主语:Between 10 and 11 is a good time for me
- 主语补语:The meeting is at 2 o’clock
- 定语:This is the key to the house
- 宾语补语:I found the carrot in good candition
- 状语:介词短语最常见的是作为状语来修饰动词,表示动作的时间,地点,方式等
七、固定搭配
- for example 比如
- at ease 自在
- in turn 以此
- need for 需要……
- long for 渴望……
- ready for 准备……
- 短语动词往往会引申出不相关的含义(需要特别记忆)
- check out 退房
- make out 分辨
- put out 熄灭
- pass out 晕倒
- work out 健身
- look out 小心